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发布(bu)时(shi)间:2022-03-11 发布(bu)人:管理员
无刷(shua)直流电(dian)动机是采用(yong)半导体(ti)开关器件来实现(xian)电(dian)子(zi)换向(xiang)的(de)(de),即(ji)用(yong)电(dian)子(zi)开关器件代替传统的(de)(de)接(jie)触式换向(xiang)器和(he)电(dian)刷(shua)。它具有可靠性(xing)高(gao)、无换向(xiang)火花(hua)、机械噪声低(di)等优点,广泛(fan)应(ying)用(yong)于高(gao)档(dang)录(lu)(lu)音座、录(lu)(lu)像机、电(dian)子(zi)仪器及(ji)自动化(hua)办(ban)公设备(bei)中。
无刷直流(liu)(liu)电(dian)动机由(you)(you)永磁体转子(zi)、多极(ji)绕(rao)组(zu)定子(zi)、位置(zhi)传(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)器等组(zu)成。位置(zhi)传(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)按转子(zi)位置(zhi)的(de)变化(hua),沿着一定次序(xu)对定子(zi)绕(rao)组(zu)的(de)电(dian)流(liu)(liu)进(jin)行换(huan)流(liu)(liu)(即检测(ce)转子(zi)磁极(ji)相对定子(zi)绕(rao)组(zu)的(de)位置(zhi),并在(zai)确(que)定的(de)位置(zhi)处(chu)产(chan)生位置(zhi)传(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)信(xin)号(hao)(hao),经信(xin)号(hao)(hao)转换(huan)电(dian)路处(chu)理后去(qu)控制(zhi)功率开(kai)关电(dian)路,按一定的(de)逻辑关系进(jin)行绕(rao)组(zu)电(dian)流(liu)(liu)切换(huan))。定子(zi)绕(rao)组(zu)的(de)工作电(dian)压由(you)(you)位置(zhi)传(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)器输出控制(zhi)的(de)电(dian)子(zi)开(kai)关电(dian)路提供(gong)。
位置传(chuan)感器有磁(ci)(ci)敏(min)(min)式(shi)、光电(dian)式(shi)和电(dian)磁(ci)(ci)式(shi)三种类型。采用磁(ci)(ci)敏(min)(min)式(shi)位置传(chuan)感器的无(wu)刷(shua)直(zhi)流电(dian)动机(ji),其磁(ci)(ci)敏(min)(min)传(chuan)感器件(jian)(例如霍(huo)尔元件(jian)、磁(ci)(ci)敏(min)(min)二极管(guan)、磁(ci)(ci)敏(min)(min)诂极管(guan)、磁(ci)(ci)敏(min)(min)电(dian)阻(zu)器或专用集成电(dian)路等(deng))装在定子组件(jian)上,用来检测永(yong)磁(ci)(ci)体、转(zhuan)子旋转(zhuan)时产生的磁(ci)(ci)场(chang)变化。
采用光(guang)(guang)电(dian)式位置传感器(qi)(qi)的(de)无刷(shua)直流电(dian)动机,在定(ding)(ding)子组件(jian)(jian)上(shang)(shang)(shang)按一(yi)(yi)定(ding)(ding)位置配置了(le)光(guang)(guang)电(dian)传感器(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian),转子上(shang)(shang)(shang)装有遮(zhe)光(guang)(guang)板(ban),光(guang)(guang)源为发光(guang)(guang)二极管或小(xiao)灯(deng)泡(pao)。转子旋(xuan)转时,由于遮(zhe)光(guang)(guang)板(ban)的(de)作用,定(ding)(ding)子上(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)光(guang)(guang)敏(min)元器(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)将会按一(yi)(yi)定(ding)(ding)频率(lv)间歇间生脉冲(chong)信号。
采用电(dian)(dian)磁(ci)式位(wei)置(zhi)传(chuan)感(gan)器的无(wu)刷(shua)直(zhi)流电(dian)(dian)动机,是在定子(zi)组件上安装有电(dian)(dian)磁(ci)传(chuan)感(gan)器部(bu)件(例如耦合变压(ya)器、接近开关、LC谐振电(dian)(dian)路等),当永磁(ci)体转子(zi)位(wei)置(zhi)发生(sheng)变化时,电(dian)(dian)磁(ci)效应将使(shi)电(dian)(dian)磁(ci)传(chuan)感(gan)器产生(sheng)高频调(diao)制信号(其幅值随转子(zi)位(wei)置(zhi)而变化)。
优越性
直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)电(dian)(dian)机(ji)(ji)具有响应(ying)快(kuai)速(su)、较(jiao)大的(de)(de)起动(dong)转矩、从零转速(su)至额定(ding)转速(su)具备可提供额定(ding)转矩的(de)(de)性(xing)能(neng),但(dan)(dan)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)电(dian)(dian)机(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)优(you)点也正是它的(de)(de)缺(que)点,因为直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)电(dian)(dian)机(ji)(ji)要产(chan)生(sheng)额定(ding)负载下(xia)恒定(ding)转矩的(de)(de)性(xing)能(neng),则电(dian)(dian)枢磁(ci)场(chang)与转子(zi)(zi)磁(ci)场(chang)须(xu)恒维持90°,这(zhei)就要藉由碳刷及整流(liu)(liu)子(zi)(zi)。碳刷及整流(liu)(liu)子(zi)(zi)在电(dian)(dian)机(ji)(ji)转动(dong)时会产(chan)生(sheng)火花、碳粉因此除了会造(zao)成组件损(sun)坏之(zhi)外,使用(yong)场(chang)合也受到(dao)限制(zhi)。交流(liu)(liu)电(dian)(dian)机(ji)(ji)没有碳刷及整流(liu)(liu)子(zi)(zi),免维护(hu)、坚固、应(ying)用(yong)广,但(dan)(dan)特性(xing)上若(ruo)要达到(dao)相当于直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)电(dian)(dian)机(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)性(xing)能(neng)须(xu)用(yong)复杂控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)技术才能(neng)达到(dao)。现(xian)(xian)今半导体发(fa)展迅速(su)功(gong)率(lv)组件切换(huan)频率(lv)加快(kuai)许多(duo),提升驱(qu)动(dong)电(dian)(dian)机(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)性(xing)能(neng)。微处理机(ji)(ji)速(su)度亦(yi)越(yue)来越(yue)快(kuai),可实现(xian)(xian)将交流(liu)(liu)电(dian)(dian)机(ji)(ji)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)置(zhi)于一旋转的(de)(de)两(liang)(liang)轴直(zhi)(zhi)交坐标系统(tong)中,适当控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)交流(liu)(liu)电(dian)(dian)机(ji)(ji)在两(liang)(liang)轴电(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)分量,达到(dao)类似直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)电(dian)(dian)机(ji)(ji)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)并有与直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)电(dian)(dian)机(ji)(ji)相当的(de)(de)性(xing)能(neng)。
此外已有很(hen)多微处理(li)机(ji)(ji)将控制(zhi)电机(ji)(ji)必需的(de)功能做在芯片中,而且体积越(yue)来越(yue)小;像模(mo)拟/数字(zi)转(zhuan)换器(Analog-to-digital converter,ADC)、脉冲(chong)宽(kuan)度调制(zhi)(Pulse wide modulator,PWM)…等。直流无刷电机(ji)(ji)即是以电子(zi)方式控制(zhi)交流电机(ji)(ji)换相(xiang),得(de)到类似(si)直流电机(ji)(ji)特性又没有直流电机(ji)(ji)机(ji)(ji)构(gou)上缺失的(de)一种应(ying)用。
控制结构
直流(liu)无刷电(dian)机是(shi)同步电(dian)机的(de)一(yi)种(zhong),也就(jiu)是(shi)说电(dian)机转(zhuan)子的(de)转(zhuan)速受电(dian)机定(ding)子旋转(zhuan)磁(ci)场的(de)速度及转(zhuan)子极数(p)影响(xiang):
n=120.f / p。在转(zhuan)子(zi)极数(shu)固定(ding)情况(kuang)下,改(gai)变(bian)定(ding)子(zi)旋转(zhuan)磁(ci)场(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)频(pin)率就可以改(gai)变(bian)转(zhuan)子(zi)的(de)(de)转(zhuan)速。直(zhi)流无刷(shua)电机(ji)即(ji)是将(jiang)同步(bu)电机(ji)加上电子(zi)式控(kong)制(驱动器),控(kong)制定(ding)子(zi)旋转(zhuan)磁(ci)场(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)频(pin)率并将(jiang)电机(ji)转(zhuan)子(zi)的(de)(de)转(zhuan)速回(hui)授至控(kong)制中(zhong)心反(fan)复校正,以期达到接近直(zhi)流电机(ji)特性的(de)(de)方(fang)式。也就是说直(zhi)流无刷(shua)电机(ji)能够(gou)在额定(ding)负载(zai)范围内当负载(zai)变(bian)化(hua)时仍(reng)可以控(kong)制电机(ji)转(zhuan)子(zi)维(wei)持一定(ding)的(de)(de)转(zhuan)速。
直流(liu)无刷驱动器包括电(dian)(dian)源部(bu)(bu)及控制部(bu)(bu)、电(dian)(dian)源部(bu)(bu)提供(gong)三相电(dian)(dian)源给电(dian)(dian)机,控制部(bu)(bu)则依需(xu)求转换输入电(dian)(dian)源频率。
电(dian)(dian)源部可(ke)以(yi)(yi)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)接以(yi)(yi)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)电(dian)(dian)输(shu)入(ru)(ru)(一般为24v)或以(yi)(yi)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)电(dian)(dian)输(shu)入(ru)(ru)(110v/220 v),如果输(shu)入(ru)(ru)是(shi)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)电(dian)(dian)就得先经转换器(qi)(qi)(Converter)转成直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)。不论是(shi)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)电(dian)(dian)输(shu)入(ru)(ru)或交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)电(dian)(dian)输(shu)入(ru)(ru)要转入(ru)(ru)电(dian)(dian)机(ji)线圈(quan)前(qian)须(xu)先将直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)电(dian)(dian)压(ya)由换流(liu)(liu)器(qi)(qi)(Inverter)转成3相(xiang)(xiang)电(dian)(dian)压(ya)来驱(qu)动(dong)电(dian)(dian)机(ji)。换流(liu)(liu)器(qi)(qi)(Inverter)一般由6个(ge)功率(lv)晶(jing)体管(q1~q6)分为上臂(q1、q3、q5)/下(xia)臂(q2、q4、q6)连接电(dian)(dian)机(ji)作(zuo)(zuo)为控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)流(liu)(liu)经电(dian)(dian)机(ji)线圈(quan)的(de)开关(guan)。控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)部则提(ti)供(gong)pwm(脉冲宽度(du)(du)调制(zhi))决(jue)定(ding)(ding)(ding)功率(lv)晶(jing)体管开关(guan)频度(du)(du)及换流(liu)(liu)器(qi)(qi)(Inverter)换相(xiang)(xiang)的(de)时(shi)机(ji)。直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)无刷电(dian)(dian)机(ji)一般希(xi)望使用在当负载变动(dong)时(shi)速(su)(su)度(du)(du)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)稳(wen)定(ding)(ding)(ding)于设定(ding)(ding)(ding)值而不会变动(dong)太(tai)大的(de)速(su)(su)度(du)(du)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi),所(suo)以(yi)(yi)电(dian)(dian)机(ji)内(nei)部装有能(neng)感(gan)应磁场(chang)的(de)霍尔传感(gan)器(qi)(qi)(Hall-sensor),作(zuo)(zuo)为速(su)(su)度(du)(du)之(zhi)闭(bi)回(hui)路控(kong)(kong)制(zhi),同时(shi)也(ye)做为相(xiang)(xiang)序控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)的(de)依据。但这只是(shi)用来做为速(su)(su)度(du)(du)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)并(bing)不能(neng)拿来做为定(ding)(ding)(ding)位控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)。